To prevent ESD, you must first know what ESD is and how ESD enters the electronic device. ESD can occur when one charged conductor approaches another conductor. First, a strong electric field is established between the two conductors, creating a breakdown caused by the electric field. When the voltage between the two conductors exceeds the breakdown voltage of the air and the insulating medium between them, an arc is generated. In the 0.7ns to 10ns period, the arc current can reach tens of amps, sometimes even more than 100 amps. The arc will remain until the two conductors are shorted or the current is low enough to sustain the arc.
The generation of ESD depends on the starting voltage, resistance, inductance and parasitic capacitance of the object: examples of possible arcing are human bodies, charged devices and machines. Examples of possible spikes are hand or metal objects. Examples of multiple arcs that may produce the same polarity or polarity change are furniture.
ESD can enter electronic devices through five coupling paths: the initial electric field energy is capacitively coupled to a network with a large surface area and produces a high voltage of up to 4000 V/m at 100 mm from the ESD arc.
The charge/current injected by the arc can cause the following damage and failure: a. Penetrate the thin insulating layer inside the component and damage the gate of the MOSFET and CMOS components (common). b. Trigger lock in CMOS devices (common). c. Short-circuit reversed-biased PN junction (common). d. Short-circuit forward biased PN junction (rare). e. Melt the weld line or aluminum wire inside the active device.
Current can cause voltage pulses on the conductors, which can be power, ground or signal lines that will enter every component (common) connected to these networks.
The arc produces a strong magnetic field with a frequency range of 1 MHz to 500 MHz and is inductively coupled to each adjacent routing loop, producing up to 15 A/m of current 100 mm away from the ESD arc.
The electromagnetic fields radiated by the arc are coupled to long signal lines that act as receiving antennas (rare).
ESD finds the weak points of the device through a variety of coupling paths. The ESD frequency range is wide, not just discrete frequency points, it can even enter narrowband circuits. To prevent ESD interference and damage, these paths must be isolated or the device's ESD resistance must be enhanced. Anderson manufactures ESD anti-static electronic components and provides ESD rectification and ESD testing.
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