In recent years, many people have tried VR through costly head-mounted displays like Cardboard or Daydream View, or high-end PCs such as Oculus Rift and HTC Vive. However, the rise of AR (Augmented Reality) has made it possible for users to experience this technology directly on their mobile devices. AR enhances real-world experiences by providing additional information, but as a relatively new medium, it requires careful consideration when designing user interactions.
Through research and exploration, we’ve identified several design principles that apply specifically to AR platforms. We looked at the design of head-mounted displays, mobile VR apps, and deep-sensing AR applications. For instance, Google Earth VR and Tilt Brush use two positionally tracked controllers, allowing users to explore and create in immersive environments. These “daydreaming†moments help us understand the opportunities and limitations of creating mobile immersion experiences. But mobile AR also brings unique challenges—such as adapting to various environments and ensuring that AR doesn’t interfere with the phone’s core functions, like making calls or sending messages.
Mobile devices are not just tools; they’re the window into the augmented world. Therefore, creators must think about how to make their AR experiences work across different screen sizes and orientations. Additionally, since users often hold their phones with one hand, interactive elements need to be intuitive, discoverable, and easy to operate—ideally with one hand or even without touching the device at all.
AR users typically interact in 2D, which often leads to a more static, seated experience. However, developers can push boundaries by using world-locked interfaces or
other interactive methods that encourage movement in real space. This helps users engage more deeply with AR content, learn to navigate 3D environments naturally, and appreciate the full potential of AR, such as viewing digital objects from multiple angles.
Environmental awareness is crucial in AR design. Each application has its own "experience space" that combines real-world settings with specific actions. With tools like ARCore, which detects planes at different heights and sizes, designers can implement "volumetric responsive design." This allows digital objects to react appropriately based on their surroundings, helping users navigate and interact more effectively. Visual cues in AR can guide users through physical spaces, similar to how text or characters teach users what to do next.
Visual effects play a key role in making digital objects feel natural within the real world. Advanced display and lighting technologies help virtual items blend seamlessly into the environment. In mobile AR, 3D interaction modes complement the experience, allowing users to explore and manipulate digital content more intuitively. These interactions are essential for understanding spatial relationships and managing user expectations about where and how digital content appears.
The 2D screen-locked UI in mobile AR acts like a "magic hand," enabling touch-based interactions with the virtual world. While remote interaction is appealing, most 2D designs are tied to fixed positions, limiting the true potential of mobile AR. Instead, designers should aim to encourage users to move through volumetric space, using features like depth sensing and camera positioning to enhance engagement. Over-reliance on 2D interactions, however, can break immersion and take users out of the AR experience.
To achieve true immersion, focus should be on core interaction mechanisms like object manipulation, browsing, information display, and visual guidance. By setting fixed points or dynamically scaling content, designers can optimize readability, utility, and scale. Using the device’s reticle or ray casting helps determine user intent and focus. Scaling objects based on the camera’s direction adds another layer of interactivity. When users approach a digital object, it can react or reveal more details, rewarding exploration and guiding further interaction. These techniques help create a more engaging and meaningful AR experience.
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