(1) Leveling measurement
1) The concept of leveling
Leveling is the most accurate, versatile, and widely used measurement method in elevation measurements. Leveling, also known as geometric leveling, is a measurement of two points of elevation and elevation on a ground using a water level gauge and a level gauge.
2) Method of leveling
1 instrument elevation method
2 intermediate method
3) Leveling implementation
1 level point
The elevation control points measured by the water level measurement method are called level points and are usually expressed by BM. The level is divided into two types: permanent and temporary.
2 level route
Levels can be laid out in the following types:
Closed level route, attached level route, branch level route, level network
4) Matters needing attention in leveling
1 observation, 2 feet, 3 records
(2) Angle measurement method
Angle measurements include horizontal angle measurements and vertical angle measurements.
(3) Distance measurement method
Distance is the linear distance, that is, the horizontal distance, perpendicularly projected on the horizontal plane at two points on the ground. The method of measuring the distance in the project is to measure directly between two points with a steel ruler, and measure the distance by the line of sight method with a water level or a theodolite.
1) Straight line alignment
1 In the case of a two-point view, use the eye line and theodolite to set the line.
2 When the two points are not seen, the line is determined by the successive approach method.
2) The general distance of the steel ruler
1 benchmarking
2-foot measurement
The distance measurement should be “straight, flat and accurateâ€. The ruler measurement is usually carried out by 2 to 3 people, and the front and back rulers and one person are recorded. The specific operation is punctuation, alignment, point, flat, and five steps.
3) Precision measuring distance of steel ruler
The general gauge of the steel ruler usually has an accuracy of less than 1/5000, and the precision of the steel ruler can be improved to 1/10000 to 1/40000.
4) Span tool
5) Results finishing
1 foot calculation
2 full length calculation
6) Distance measurement error
1 steel ruler error,
2 observation error
3 pairs of point error
4 influence of external conditions
The influence of external conditions is the deflection error, temperature error, and wind force.
Absolute Encoder
Absolute rotary Encoder measure actual position by generating unique digital codes or bits (instead of pulses) that represent the encoder`s actual position. Single turn absolute encoders output codes that are repeated every full revolution and do not output data to indicate how many revolutions have been made. Multi-turn absolute encoders output a unique code for each shaft position through every rotation, up to 4096 revolutions. Unlike incremental encoders, absolute encoders will retain correct position even if power fails without homing at startup.
Absolute Encoder,Through Hollow Encoder,Absolute Encoder 13 Bit,14 Bit Optical Rotary Encoder
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