1 Research background
Beautiful landscape lighting is an important symbol of urban modernization and the characteristics of urban prosperity. Developing the night landscape of the city is one of the hardware conditions for demonstrating the city's characteristics, promoting the prosperity of business and tourism, and moving towards an international city.
March 20, 2009, 2009 The third China Zhengzhou City Lighting, Landscape Architecture and Outdoor Products Exhibition opened. Exhibition theme! ! ! Develop energy-saving lighting, do a good job of urban lighting, purify the air, beautify the home. The scope of the exhibition covers: urban public lighting technology and municipal lighting engineering, lighting power-saving technology and products; professional outdoor lighting, lighting power-saving equipment, management and measurement systems; lighting production equipment, testing equipment, LED backlights, displays, Traffic lights, high-frequency electrodeless lamps, neon lights and other light source products, lighting electrical accessories; solar street lights, solar signal lights, lawn lights, garden lights, energy-saving lamps, photovoltaic power supplies, controllers; outdoor advertising; urban landscape design, greening projects Outdoor facilities and landscape accessory products; maintenance; architectural design. As can be seen from the scope of the exhibition, green lighting for energy conservation, emission reduction and environmental protection is a new requirement for social development and a demand for the market.
2 Research on urban landscape lighting design methods
2. 1 Light source and its choice Landscape lighting Electric light source can be divided into two categories according to the working principle: The first type is solid light source, mainly incandescent lamp, tungsten halogen lamp. The second type is a gas discharge source, and the gas discharge source is divided into an arc discharge source and a glow discharge source.
Among them, there are many types of arc discharge light sources, such as low-pressure mercury lamps, fluorescent lamps, low-pressure sodium lamps, and high-pressure mercury lamps with a high pressure (between 1 and 5 atmospheres in the lamp). High-pressure sodium lamps, xenon lamps, metal halide lamps, etc., and glow discharge sources are only neon and xenon lamps. The selection of the light source should be considered in terms of practicality, reliability, and economy, and a light source with high luminous efficiency, long life, and good color rendering property should be selected. The characteristics, power consumption and cost of some common light sources are listed below, as shown in Table 1.
2. 2 Building landscape lighting design method 2. 2. 1 indoor light-transmitting lighting indoor light-transmitting lighting, suitable for glass curtain wall office building, etc., soft light is regularly transmitted from the inside to the outside, very light effect, with Features outstanding features. The main advantage of this landscape lighting method is the ability to use indoor illuminators and easy maintenance.
2. 2. 2 Building outline lighting Building outline lighting has both contour lighting and negative contour lighting. Contour lighting, which is a line of lights, depicts the frames of the building's casters, doors and windows, the ridges and the roof. Often used in larger buildings, emphasizing the shape of the entire building, ignoring some local details. Contour lighting cannot be used in small buildings because the lighting lines are too close together and cause visual confusion within a certain distance.
Negative contour illumination, which projects light onto the back of an object, or creates a negative contour through a bright background is called negative contour illumination. Negative contour lighting can distinguish the main structure from its details, and is more suitable for non-theme architectural components, such as colonnades, scallops on buildings, decorative components, and so on. The negative contour illumination treatment of these parts can be combined with the projection lighting of the main building to produce a wonderful light effect.
2. 3 Outdoor advertising landscape lighting design method (1) Floodlighting. Floodlighting is an application of floodlighting.
It uses the floodlight to illuminate the billboard so that its illumination is significantly higher than the surrounding environment, which plays a prominent role in advertising content. Projection illumination includes both steady-state floodlighting and dynamic floodlighting. The floodlighting of billboards is generally steady-state floodlighting.
(2) Neon advertising. The neon lamp is a cold cathode glow discharge tube. Its radiation spectrum has a strong ability to penetrate the atmosphere. The color is bright and colorful, and its luminous efficiency is obviously superior to that of ordinary incandescent lamps. Its line structure is rich in expression and can be Processing into any geometric shape, meeting the design requirements, electronic program control, variable color patterns and texts, has been welcomed.
(3) Lightbox advertising lighting. Lightbox advertising lighting usually refers to flexible light boxes,
One of a frosted glass light box, a diffuse transmission plexiglass light box, a film light box, and a tin light box. Among them, the flexible light box is widely used, because it has the following outstanding advantages compared with other light box advertisements: the fabric has good light transmission performance, high softness and strength, convenient transportation, convenient maintenance and long service life.
(4) Large screen display advertising. A large-screen display advertisement that is completely different from neon advertising, a large-area matrix video display system that uses a single light-emitting device as a unit. This system is used for advertising display, which not only has high brightness, large contrast, bright colors, but also displays its dynamic picture and text like a TV. The display varies with the use of light-emitting devices. It is available in a variety of categories, including light-emitting diode (LED) displays, cathode ray tubes, fluorescent discharge tubes, incandescent light bulb displays, and liquid crystal displays.
(5) Mixed lighting advertising. It is a combination of several lighting methods, taking advantage of various lighting methods to complement each other. If a combination of neon lights and spotlights is used, it can greatly compensate for the poor daytime effect of neon signboards and the lack of anger in spotlighting advertising.
2. 4 Urban Greenland Landscape Lighting Design With the changes in urban residents' work schedules and the increasing demand for urban green space in recent years, people not only hope that during the day, but also hope to enjoy beautiful plant landscapes at night. It requires designers not only to be proficient in modern lighting technology knowledge, but also to have deep artistic accomplishment, to accurately grasp the visual effects of light, color and texture, to paint plants with light, to create an elegant and natural feeling.
Up-lighting: It is the most commonly used method of plant landscape lighting. It means that the luminaire projects the light upwards to illuminate the object, which can be used to express the sculptural texture of the trees. The luminaire can be fixed to the ground or installed under the ground. Some luminaires buried in the ground, such as buried lights, are often used to illuminate large trees due to inconvenient adjustments; and plug-in directional lighting fixtures installed on the ground can be used to illuminate small trees because they It is easier to move and adjust according to plant growth and seasonal changes.
Downlighting: Contrary to the uplighting, the main highlight of the surface or a feature of the plant, while contrasting with other features of the uplighting illumination. Downlighting is suitable for blooming flowers, as most flowers are open upwards. Downlights mounted on flower stands, walls and trees meet this requirement.
Contour illumination: The outline of the illumination object is highlighted by the light source itself. In the garden landscape lighting, the main use of string lights, its decorative effect is to hang on the trees except the thick canopy of the canopy to highlight the outline of the tree. It is more suitable for lighting of deciduous trees, especially in winter.
Backlighting: Also known as silhouette lighting, the trees are in the dark, and the walls behind the trees are illuminated by uniform, soft light, creating a contrast of light and shadow. It is more suitable for small trees and geometric plants with beautiful posture. For example, bamboo is a plant that is very suitable for backlighting. The bamboo leaves swaying under the backlight in front of the wall are like a traditional Chinese ink painting.
Moonlight effect lighting: Mount the luminaire in a suitable position on the tree, partially illuminate to create a mottled pattern, and the other part illuminates upwards to illuminate the leaves, creating a mottled effect like a moonlight.
3 Urban landscape lighting design principles
3. 1 High-efficiency principle Urban landscape lighting design should use high-efficiency, long-life, energy-saving, low-loss lighting equipment to maximize the benefits of light source and avoid waste of light source.
Under normal circumstances, the gas discharge light source can be gradually replaced by the heat radiation electric light source, and the gas discharge light source with high luminous efficiency is selected as much as possible. Second, illuminance is an important issue in the design of lighting environments. In order to save power, the general illumination, local illumination and hybrid illumination should be properly selected under the condition of meeting the standard illumination. Especially when plant community lighting, when a light source can not meet the color rendering requirements, a mixture of two or more light sources can be used, which improves the light efficiency and improves the color rendering.
3. 2 Safety Principles Most of the landscape lighting fixtures can be directly touched by human hands. For example, low-light lighting fixtures in the flower beds in the green space, the main-view plant lighting, and the ground-projection lighting fixtures used in the theme sculptures should be considered artificially. Destructive and safe performance. Therefore, outdoor luminaires with a higher degree of protection must be used. According to the surrounding landscape environment, the styling and non-standard decorative lights can be selected, which can achieve the lighting effect and meet the viewing requirements of art pieces, and have both ornamental and safety.
3. 3 Ecological Principles The ecological principle is to require lighting designers to learn more about living things, to recognize the living interdependence of living things in all natural environments, and to connect the living environments of individual living things. This actually requires us to have a holistic sense of care, treat the biology, the environment with care, and oppose the remediation of isolated, blind nighttime light environments. In addition, the ecological principles require us to respect nature, to study nature as a teacher, to study the evolution of nature; to adapt to nature, to reduce the blind artificial transformation of the environment, and to reduce the cost of maintenance and management of urban landscapes.
3. 4 Humanization Principles People are the first protagonists in the light environment, because all landscape lighting is for people to watch and experience. Therefore, when we are engaged in design, we should always start from the perspective of people. I hope that people will be in such a light environment. How do you feel? How do you expect people to feel this light environment from a distance? I hope such a light environment What kind of ideas do people have? What kind of message do you want to express? If you can take into account the factors listed above, I believe that the lighting of such a space has already been associated with people. Lighting design should be people-oriented, starting from the physiological and psychological needs of people, choosing the appropriate light source and light color, determining the reasonable amount of light and illumination, which can fully meet the lighting function requirements, show the city's nighttime viewing, and not for performance. The prosperous scene is over-designed with decorative lighting.
3. 5 Principles of Urban Cultural Characteristics Each urban culture has its own distinct historical traces. Traditional historical culture influences the aesthetic psychology and aesthetic preferences of local people. Therefore, the planning, design and construction of urban landscape lighting must first fully consider the living habits and appreciation of local citizens. For example, some surveys show that northerners are more than brighter than southerners. Perhaps it is because the northern night is longer or the weather in the south is hotter. For example, in the southern gardens, many dark and light places make people feel elegant and brisk, but they are more attractive. In Western countries, especially the more conservative so-called gentleman style, many people prefer low-light, monochromatic night lighting.
For example, small and medium-sized cities in the UK, many cities in northern Germany, and many areas in Paris, where the night lights of the city are often not characterized by high-intensity direct lighting or jumping, but more emphasis is placed on low-light contour lighting of street structures, facilities, and floors. The surrounding building community echoes the inner light transmission design, and rare and bright exterior buildings and plant community lighting are rare. Therefore, the lighting design should be based on local culture, exert the expressive power of the light, choose different lamp types, light sources, light colors and artistic lighting techniques to fully display the local characteristics of the city night scene.
Edit: Sophy
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