In China, the cranes are generally divided into 12 types, namely light and small lifting equipment, jib cranes, bridge cranes, gantry cranes, tower cranes, mobile cranes, railway cranes, portal cranes, mast cranes. , cable cranes, lifts and mechanical parking equipment. It can be further divided into nearly one hundred types (variety) and hundreds of models. In the face of a wide variety of products, complex structures, different sizes, and the use of cranes that vary in working conditions, which involve people's life safety and property safety, the Chinese government has incorporated them into special equipment for compulsory management. The whole set of laws, regulations, rules, safety technical specifications and standards system has established a safety monitoring network in 31 administrative districts throughout the country, from the design, manufacture, installation, transformation, major maintenance, use, inspection and testing of lifting machinery. In the important aspects of supervision and management, effective supervision is carried out. Here, I will focus on China's crane manufacturing license system.
1 Distribution, quantity, output and status of hoisting machinery manufacturing enterprises
China's crane machinery manufacturers, as of the end of September 2005, there are 16,15 statistics. These manufacturing enterprises are mainly concentrated in Jiangsu (347), Shandong (203), Henan (180), Zhejiang (111), Liaoning (105), Guangdong (100), Shanghai (83), Fujian. (80) and Other places.
The total amount of hoisting machinery used in China, according to the census at the end of 2003, the number of lifting equipment used was 556,000. The use of equipment is also mainly concentrated in developed coastal areas, such as Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Shandong, Liaoning and other places.
Since its establishment in the early 1950s, China's lifting machinery has formed a certain scale of production, has a certain level of technology, and has basically formed a relatively complete design, production, and sales system, which can basically meet the national economy. demand. At present, the fiscal policy that the country continues to implement has driven the rapid development of China's infrastructure construction. As an important basic equipment of the national economy, lifting equipment is widely used in various industries of economic construction, such as metallurgy, coal, chemical, electric power, transportation and Manufacturing and other industries. With the rapid development of modern science and technology, the expansion of industrial production scale and the improvement of automation, cranes are becoming more and more widely used in modern production processes, and their functions are getting bigger and bigger, and the requirements for cranes are getting higher and higher. Hoisting machinery is developing towards large-scale, high-speed, humanized, environmentally friendly, miniaturization of general-purpose products, modularization and diversification of components, and institutionalization and standardization of safety supervision.
Due to the relatively cheap labor force in China and the low manufacturing costs, the development potential is still huge. At the same time, we should also clearly understand that compared with developed countries, China's hoisting machinery manufacturing situation has several factors that are worrying.
(1) The overall technical content is low, which is prominent in the low level of steel structural parts manufacturing materials and electrical control systems;
(2) Insufficient scale development, outstanding performance at low levels of repeated construction, resulting in waste of resources, serious development of professional development;
(3) There are very few internationally renowned brands. Apart from Zhenhua Port Machinery, there are few well-known brands that can enter the international market and enjoy a certain reputation.
(4) Vicious competition is serious, reasonable profits are difficult to protect, and safety measures are rarely invested, and the accident rate remains high.
Therefore, we should have a clear understanding and pay close attention to the long-term development of China's lifting machinery and the ability to accelerate technological innovation without losing the opportunity.
2 Legal and regulatory basis for manufacturing licenses for lifting machinery
(1) The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (hereinafter referred to as “AQSIQâ€) is preparing and accelerating the formulation of the “Special Equipment Safety Lawâ€, which has been formally included in the Tenth National People's Congress Legislative Plan.
(2) The Regulations on the Safety Supervision of Special Equipment (Order No. 373 of the State Council) was officially promulgated by the State Council in February 2003 and implemented on June 1, 2003. Since then, the lifting machinery has been on the track of supervision and management according to law. In the equipment safety supervision regulations, it is clearly stated that the manufacture, installation, modification, maintenance and inspection of lifting machinery must be approved by the administrative authorities before they can be put into use. At the same time, the catalogue of special equipment approved by the State Council has been promulgated, and the type and type (type) of the lifting machinery have been clarified.
(3) As a type of legislative plan of the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine in 2005, the hoisting machinery safety supervision regulations have initially completed the drafting work, so extensively solicited opinions throughout the country, and strive to be completed by the end of 2005, and officially released and implemented. Further refine and supplement the regulations.
3 Procedures and requirements for crane manufacturing licenses
In the second half of 2003, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine issued the "Electric and Mechanical Special Equipment Manufacturing License Rules (Trial)" (National Quality Inspection [2003] No. 174), which clarified the methods, procedures and corresponding requirements for the manufacturing license of lifting machinery. .
(1) In terms of management, the AQSIQ is responsible for the unified management of the national special equipment manufacturing license work. The quality and technical supervision bureaus of the autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall be responsible for the management of relevant manufacturing licenses in accordance with the requirements.
(2) In terms of licensing methods, there are two types of licensing methods. The first type: type testing license, mainly for imported lifting machinery, large tonnage lifting machinery, CCC certified lifting machinery, safety protection devices, etc. Type; second: manufacturing unit license, other than the type test permission.
(3) In terms of licensing procedures, two licensing procedures have been established for the two licensing methods.
The first type: type test permit procedure; application, acceptance, type test, filing, announcement. After completing the filing in the prescribed procedures, the applicant unit can officially sell the licensed special equipment.
The second type: manufacturing unit licensing procedures; application, acceptance, type testing, manufacturing condition review, approval, certification, and announcement. After the manufacturing unit obtains the special equipment manufacturing license, it can formally manufacture and sell the licensed special equipment.
(4) In terms of specific conditions for manufacturing licenses, the following requirements apply.
Hardware requirements:
a. Hold a valid business license issued by the administrative department for industry and commerce.
b. Have corresponding facilities, sites, workshops, experiments, office conditions, production equipment, process equipment, measuring instruments, inspection and testing methods, equipment drawings, technical and technical documents, safety technical specifications and relevant national standards.
c. Have professional technicians, inspectors, and skilled workers who have the relevant knowledge of relevant national laws and regulations.
Software requirements: The quality management system must be established and implemented, the relevant management system must be formulated, quality manuals, program documents and corresponding work instructions should be prepared and operated effectively.
For details, please refer to the “Specifications for the Appraisal of Special Equipment Manufacturing Conditionsâ€.
4 Lifting machine type test points
Regardless of the type test permit or the manufacturer's license, the product must be type tested. Then where are the entry points and key points of the type test?
In 2003, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine promulgated the "Testing Regulations for Lifting Machinery Types (Trial)" (National Quality Inspection (2003) No. 305), clarifying the procedures and basic requirements for type testing, and stipulating that: Type testing is based on product model specifications. For the basic unit, this shows that the key step of the type test is the identification of the product model, then how is the model identified? A brief description of the concept of the model is given in the type test procedures and rules. Understand: "In general, it consists of a product name code, a structure type code, or an enterprise-specific code, and is represented by an English letter. A product representing a model is called a model." It can also be understood as follows: “The main structure of the product, the main force component materials and the key processes are the same, and the important models and the important models with the same important configuration are called the same modelâ€. In general, one model forms a product line. In order to promote scientific and technological progress, and encourage the continuous development and development of new products, the setting of the model is released. In principle, the models that have been clearly defined in the standards are implemented according to the standards. Enterprises with no clear standards can set them themselves.
After the concept of the model is clarified, the type test can be carried out. The specific type test contents and key points are clearly defined in the various types of test rules, and various types of test rules will be issued one after another.
The following points should be noted when carrying out the crane type test:
(1) Different types of series products are tested separately and cannot replace each other;
(2) The series of products of the same model are in accordance with the specifications (main parameter series values) from high to low coverage;
(3) As for the four types of super large lifting machinery, imported lifting machinery, CCC certified lifting machinery and safety protection devices in the trial stage, the first product of the same model and the same specification (parameter) is used. The method of type testing one by one.
5 Problems in the work of manufacturing licenses for lifting machinery and suggestions for improvement
The "Electromechanical Special Equipment Manufacturing Licensing Rules (Trial)" and "Hawlift Type Test Procedures (Trial)" have been in operation for more than two years, and the two have implemented the "Special Equipment Safety Supervision Regulations" to adapt to the new situation. It has played its due role in security requirements, law enforcement, legal management, regulation of industry behavior, and establishment and improvement of the legal system. At the same time, there are still certain problems in implementation, mainly as follows:
(1) In case of the inadequacy of the implementation of safety technical specifications, scientific attitudes and methods should be used to modify them as soon as possible so that they can be continuously improved. For example: the improvement of the classification of lifting machinery; the manufacturing license is divided into three levels of A, B, C modification and improvement; the division of ultra-large lifting machinery should be based on the opinions of the majority of enterprises; after scientific argumentation, Further revision and improvement until the cancellation of the problem: in order to promote large-scale development, combined with the adjustment of national industrial policies, control the number of issuing enterprises, reduce resource waste, optimize resource allocation, improve the scientific and technological progress and productivity of enterprises, etc., all need to be resolved as soon as possible.
(2) The departmental regulations “Safety Supervision Regulations for Hoisting Machinery†that need to be further refined and supplemented in accordance with the “Special Equipment Safety Supervision Regulations†have not yet been formally promulgated. As a type of legislative plan for 2005, it is under development and once successful. The promulgation will play a more active role in the safety supervision of the lifting machinery and the administration according to law and the regulation of various behaviors.
In short, China's crane management has gradually embarked on the path of legalization and standardization. However, due to the Chinese crane machinery manufacturing licensing system, the time from enactment to implementation is short, and the original foundation is weak, and the situation is complicated. The problem requires continuous investigation, research, analysis, and summarization. It is necessary to have a process of continuous improvement. I hope that all of us will work together to continuously improve the level of science and technology, create more international famous brands, and expand the scale of specialization in the context of ensuring safety. Efforts will be made to promote the healthy development of the national economy and make due contributions to the establishment of a harmonious society in China.
The authenticity of this information has not been confirmed by the international electrical network, for your reference only.
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