The transmitter is designed to direct a beam toward the target, and this beam is typically generated by a semiconductor light source, such as an LED, laser diode, or infrared emitting diode. The beam can be emitted continuously or in pulses with variable width. On the receiving end, the system includes components like a photodiode, phototransistor, or photocell. Before the receiver, optical elements such as lenses and apertures are often used to focus and control the incoming light. Behind these components lies a detection circuit that filters out noise and processes the valid signal for further use.
In addition to these core components, the photoelectric switch may also include structural parts like a launching plate and optical fiber, which help in directing and managing the light beam more effectively.
A triangular reflector serves as a highly efficient launcher. It consists of a small, triangular pyramidal reflective material that ensures the beam is accurately reflected back to the source. This design is both practical and reliable. The reflector can adjust the emission angle within a range of 0 to 25 degrees relative to the optical axis, allowing the beam to return along the same path after reflection, making it ideal for precise applications.
Classification and Working Methods
(1) Slot-Type Photoelectric Sensor: A slot-type photoelectric sensor is installed on one side of a slot where the emitter and receiver are positioned face-to-face. The emitter sends out infrared or visible light, and the receiver detects it when the path is unobstructed. However, when an object passes through the slot, it blocks the light, triggering the photoelectric switch. This results in a control signal that either turns on or off the load current, enabling the system to perform a control action. Due to its compact structure, the detection range of a slot-type switch is generally limited to just a few centimeters.
(2) Through-Beam Photoelectric Sensor: When the emitter and receiver are separated, the detection distance can be significantly increased. This type of sensor, known as a through-beam or off-beam photoelectric switch, can detect objects from several meters up to tens of meters away. In operation, the emitter and receiver are mounted on opposite sides of the object's path. When the object crosses the beam, it interrupts the light, causing the receiver to generate a switching signal.
(3) Reflective (Mirror) Type Photoelectric Switch: In this configuration, both the emitter and receiver are housed in the same unit, with a reflector placed in front of them. The system works based on the principle of reflection. Normally, the light from the emitter is reflected by the reflector and received by the detector. However, if an object blocks the light path, the receiver no longer detects the reflected light, which triggers the switch and generates a control signal.
(4) Diffuse Reflective Photoelectric Switch: Similar to the reflective type, this sensor has both an emitter and a receiver in the same housing, but it does not use a reflector. Under normal conditions, the receiver does not detect any light because the emitted light scatters in all directions. When an object enters the detection area, it reflects some of the light back toward the receiver, which then detects the signal and triggers the switch.
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